Fish canned in an unacceptable oil & or with seasonings added. In fact, anecdotal reports indicatealow-FODMAP dietmay be the better alternative, which is scientifically shown to help treat food intolerance. 0000015684 00000 n The highest amounts of salicylates are generally found in vegetables, fruits, and spices. The grains from legumes (chick pea flour = besan flour = gram flour, or lentil flour are high in FODMAPs, potato flour is low in FODMAPs). Dr Kim Faulkner-Hogg. Leaky gut syndrome and gut health issues can lead to histamine intolerance, oxalate intolerance, and salicylate intolerance. Leaky gut syndrome, gut infections, and nutrient deficiencies are some of the major causes of histamine intolerance. Chicken. The Top 5 Supplements Every Perimenopause Woman Needs. I have been suffering from Colitis and its not very pleasant associated symptoms. I treated her 3 years ago and yesterday she sent me an email with a testimonial stating that she hasnt had another urinary tract infection since I treated her all these years ago. Rice puffs sometimes contain a small amount of gluten (malt extract) when sold as the breakfast cereal (rice bubbles), but plain rice puffs are gluten free. As a natural part of your immune response, your body releases enzymes to break down histamine build-up. 0000024546 00000 n pineapple bromelain triggers histamine release) Phytoestrogens (pomegranate) Apples Salicylates and SLAs (vary from very low to very high depending on variety) They act as natural pesticides defending plants. It has also been shown to help fight high blood pressure. In general, the highest amounts of salicylates are found in fruits, vegetables and spices. An overgrowth of yeast and mold can lead to high oxalate as well. Choose salicylate-free cosmetics and household products. Gradual poisoning happens when you take lower doses over a certain period of time. Updated on February 28, 2023 .entry-meta { display: flex; align-items: center; }. The consultation is done via phone/skype/whatsapp or email if you prefer to communicate in writing. 15 years of clinical experience have taught me that salicylate sensitivity can be treated. The eczema section contains a number of interesting experiences to do with salicylates. It supports healthy liver function, allows optimal estrogen detoxification, and supports your hormonal health naturally. Although salicylate may cause issues for some people there is recent research looking at the beneficial effects they may have within the body. 33 0 obj <> endobj xref This is why I recommend. Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Acute aspirin poisoning happens when you take much aspirin at once. Youve even given up many high histamine foods. Health tips, Natural remedies and more Copyright 2021 - HowtoCure.com All rights reserved. Can Yoga Really Help You Gain Weight Fast? While there are many sinuses in the body, sinusitis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. I have been treated for salicylates and Tomaya also worked on my digestive system. Like the Mediterranean, vegetarian, or vegan diets, high salicylate diets have proven health benefits like lower risks of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. In a healthy body, your liver helps to detoxify excess salicylates, however, sluggish liver function may increase your risk of salicylate intolerance. To improve histamine intolerance, I recommend that you eat an anti-inflammatory, nutrient-dense, and low-histamine diet. Amaranth has grown very popular in the last few years. The patient is given daily doses of acetyl salicylate, and the dose is slowly increased over time. I cant recommend you enough! It also features quercetin, nettle leaf, vitamin C, and bicarbonate salts. Moreover, histamine intolerance often manifests with gut health symptoms. Surprised and happy to find I felt greatly improved the following day- despite my being skeptical about the treatment. You should avoid avocado, bell pepper, eggplant, onion, mushroom, spinach and all tomato-based foods. Please consult a physician for any health concerns you may have. Avoiding aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications is the first line of defense for those with salicylate intolerance. Health issues rarely come in one. Lets talk about oxalates and salicylates and what you can do about them. I often get asked if chocolate is included in the list of foods high in salicylates or if ginger is high in salicylates. I have been treated for salicylates and Tomaya also worked on my digestive system. High Oxalate Foods List: Your Common Questions Answered! Teas and beverages, especially peppermint tea, fruit concentrates and fruit juice, flavoured coffee and coffee mixes, carbonated drinks and soft drink, premixed drinks, coolers, and liqueurs. Delicious Homemade Protein Shakes for a Healthy You, Best Drinks to Sip on When Youre Sick and What to Avoid, Heres How To Counteract The Side Effects Of Caffeine, The Best Winter Fruits That You Should Include In Your Diabetes Diet, Lesser Known Yet Effective Hawthorn Berry Benefits, Jujube Benefits Rejuvenates Mind & Body, 5 Remarkable Health Benefits of Longan Fruit, 8 Reasons to Eat Tiger Nuts, the Fiber-Filled Nutritious Superfood, Top 8 Superfoods For Weight Loss You Must Include In Your Diet, 10 Effective & Proven Benefits of Ajwain (Carom Seeds), Forget Brown Rice! Curr Opin Pulm Med. If you feel a low-salicylate diet plan may help you, see a registered dietitian to help you plan an appropriate balanced diet. Here Are Some Natural Remedies to Cure It, The Best Strategies for Strong and Healthy Hair in Winter, Get Rid of Split Ends With These Incredible Ways, Must Know Hair Care Tips for People With Curly Hair. Lets talk about it. So it's better to avoid nuts and nut butters on a low-oxalate diet. Get medical help right away if you experience any severe allergic reactions. PMID: 8. Accessed 08/08/2018. Corn is low in FODMAPs. Once oxalates are absorbed, there are two options. Summary: In severe cases, adults may trial a salicylate-restricted diet (followed by reintroduction) or a low-FODMAP diet. I recommend that you rely on safer natural support strategies to reduce your symptoms. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that can increase your risk of a variety of health issues, including asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. I had symptoms like bloating, heaviness and stomach pain after eating and after just 3 treatments, I'm feeling significantly better. Mor Stern, Israel However, some people tolerate cooked fruits and vegetables better than raw ones. 3 ways to curb salicylate sensitivity (and MCAS risk) - Body Ecology Why should you avoid eating cold drinks and foods when on periods? [. Thyroid disease doesnt just happen on its own. This supplement includes Tinofend, a patented and clinically researched extract derived from the plant Tinospora cordifolia, which is used for its powerful ability to support immune regulation and immune response. Maple syrup actually has the same calcium content as whole milk. 0000001544 00000 n Barr-Beare E, Saxena V, Hilt EE, Thomas-White K, Schober M, et al. However some people with a severe gluten intolerance or allergy, such as people with celiac disease, may not be able to tolerate certain types of oats, so be sure to buy oats marked 'gluten-free' if you have such a sensitivity to gluten.Additionally, the main ingredient in oatmeal are high in a variety of antinutrients: lectins, oxalates, and phytates, to name a few. My daughter has had severe diarrhea from a very young age. This vicious cycle caused by salicylates can lead to an array of symptoms, Excess salicylates work very similarly in your body as excess oxalates. . Desensitization is another treatment sometimes used. Between the scopes I had two treatments with Tomaya and I believe this has had a huge effect on my symptoms. Here Is All You Need to Know, A Complete Guide to Morning Routine for Gut Health, Is Your Gut Health Linked to Your Immune System. Deb, Gold Coast. Alcoholic drinks like wine, beer, rum, and sherry also contain a lot of this nutrient, so avoid them when possible. Doctor's of Natural Medicine are not the same as a Naturopathic Doctor. But don't avoid these . Because oxalates help to get plants to dispose of extra calcium, many plant foods are high in oxalates. The diet removes foods that are high in salicylates, amines, and glutamates. Aaron L. Gravely, MD earned his MD from Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and BA in Neurobiology from Harvard College. Some individuals are particularly sensitive to the salicylates found naturally in fruits and vegetables. Thank you. She also gets red spots around her mouth and she throws up occasionally after food. Salicylates Toxicity - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Mustard Nutmeg Oregano Pepper Pimiento Rosemary Tarragon Turmeric Vinegars (other, e.g. Fruits with negligible amounts of salicylates include bananas and pears. November 2013. Oxalates are found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and grains, but not all of them are equally high in them (8). Vegetables. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. For healthy individuals, the presence of these plant chemicals can interfere with our abilities to absorb certain nutrients in the gut, but in sensitive populations, the results can be painful and immediate. However, it is critical that you decrease your oxalate intake gradually. The condition is oftenmisdiagnosed, and theres a variety of possible treatments. What Not To Add to Oatmeal on a Low Oxalate Diet. Bilambil NSW Australia. Schedule your consultation. Low Salicylate Diet - With List of Foods to Eat & Avoid - Drugs.com Researchers from Sydney University have found that they are actually the most filling food you can eat, right at the top of the Satiety Index, 50% more filling than oatmeal and six times more filling than croissants that were at the bottom of the list. Summary:Early evidence suggests 10 grams per day fish oil supplementation may help treat salicylate intolerance. Medically reviewed by Melisa Puckey, BPharm. Naturopathic doctors are not licensed to practice in the State of Florida. Salicylate intolerance develops a very similar way to oxalate intolerance. 0000017348 00000 n Use 1/3 to 1/2 arrowroot as a substitute and add at the end of a recipe as opposed to cooking with it. Cant Stop Sneezing? Salicylate intolerance - mechanism of action, salicylates and asthma and the management of salicylate intolerance. Lower your high-oxalate food intake slowly until you eliminate them. 0000011369 00000 n Does Fiber Rich Food Help with Weight Loss? J Am Diet Assoc. Arrowroot: a less well known GF flour that is a starch extracted from the roots of a tropical plant. It supports healthy liver function, allows optimal estrogen detoxification, and supports your hormonal health naturally. Salicylates are a group of chemicals. That means you can enjoy many of your favorite breakfast options but make sure to check the label before eating, just in case. 10. Under normal circumstances, this shouldnt present an issue. The following list the salicylate content of different food categories from low to high (2, 3, 13): Many health and beauty products and household cleaners also contain salicylates. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Once youve removed high-oxalate foods from your diet, stay on a low-oxalate plan for 2 to 3 weeks. Brzica H, Breljak D, Burckhardt BC, Burckhardt G, Sabolic I. Oxalate: from the environment to kidney stones. Pick up a copy, today to learn more about the plan and my recommendations. In a healthy body, your liver helps to detoxify excess salicylates, however, sluggish liver function may increase your risk of salicylate intolerance. Inflammation and gut issues can further feed your bodys inability to take care of access histamines, oxalates, and salicylates. Oils and fats Cold pressed oils such as sunflower or soy. Your body is an interconnected system of cells, organs, tissues, hormones, and so on. The highest amounts of salicylates are generally found in vegetables, fruits, and spices. As a result, chives were found to contain little to no traces of salicylate, making them appropriate for people with sensitivities to salicylates to eat. Targeted cellular ionic calcium chelation by oxalates: Implications for the treatment of tumor cells. Your liver is critical for supporting the elimination of excess histamine, oxalates, and salicylates. December 2013. is oatmeal high in salicylateshow to store crayola markers. But what if its not enough and you are still experiencing symptoms? of your immune response, communicating with your brain, and triggering stomach acid release to aid digestion. To improve histamine intolerance, I also recommend HistoRelief, a synergistic blend of nutrients that provides natural support to balance your immune response. 6 Foods High in Salicylates and Why You Should Avoid Them - WebMD I cant recommend you enough! American Journal of Public Health: Could salicylates in food have contributed to the decline in cardiovascular disease mortality? Summary: Salicylates are a group of chemicals that form part of a plants natural defense system. . Too much oxalate can lead to oxalate intolerance and consequent health problems. It also contains potassium, manganese, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus. Low oxalate diet. And since pain relievers are often taken multiple times a day, the potential amount of salicylates from medicationcan vastly outweigh those from foods. Most nuts contain a lot of oxalates; for example, 22 almonds have 122 mg, one ounce of cashews has 48 mg, and 7 walnuts have 31 mg. Gluten free grains that are low in food chemicals need to be chosen instead. Gluten Free Grains that are low in Salicylates. Some people who cannot tolerate wheat find they can actually tolerate spelt. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 5 Feb 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 22 Feb 2023), ASHP (updated 12 Feb 2023) and others. To improve histamine intolerance, I also recommend. I tried a salicylates free diet for 3-4 days and I was miserable on it. She also gets red spots around her mouth and she throws up occasionally after food. Polenta (maizemeal or cornmeal). After avoiding dairy for years, I now have the occasional splurge and dont need to be looking for the nearest toilets. Along with dietary changes, its important that you eliminate toxic personal care and cleaning products as well and instead use organic, natural, or homemade products. However, it can lead to an array of other issues. 25 Types of Low Salicylate Foods with Tips for Managing Salicylate Oatmealis low in oxalates; this varies between brands, but most contain less than 10 mg of oxalates per serving. Thank you!!! Ususally salicylate sensitivity affects the respiratory and digestive systems, but it can affect any body system. 9. Clove Oil for Teething: Is it safer than Teething Creams and Gels? For some people, this can cause a problem. For adults who have found no other treatments helpful, a low-salicylate diet is worth consideration (9). This rare condition has, however, remained difficult to diagnose possibly because the spectrum of triggers is just so wide-ranging. After avoiding dairy for years, I now have the occasional splurge and dont need to be looking for the nearest toilets. 5. This data is taken from Anne Swain's analysis done back in the eighties(1). Vi tager os godt af din cykel. I havent changed anything else in my diet or my environment and 10 days later, I am pretty much symptom free. My 6 year old son has been complaining of severe stomach pains after eating. If theres no improvement, consider reducing foodsources with either alow-salicylate diet or a low-FODMAP diet. Can be bought alone for example pearl sago. Is Oatmeal Good For Kidney Stones? - The Kidney Dietitian My daughter has had severe diarrhea from a very young age. Black, green, and herbal teas all have very high levels of salicylates. Skin conditions such as itchy skin, eczema, dermatitis and welts. Histamine intolerance can manifest in a variety of ways, including. 0000012110 00000 n It is in varying amounts in foods and drinks that we consume, including vegetables, fruits, nuts, spices, alcohol, coffee and tea. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Most people, however, have never even heard of salicylate allergy or salicylate intolerance. She was amazed to know that even a urinary tract infection can be related to salicylate allergies. High-salicylate foods and products don't cause a problem for everyone, but in some, they can lead to salicylate intolerance and consequent symptoms and health issues. However, studies have shown that some people who take aspirin for these problems particularly children or teenagers develop swelling in the liver and brain. This can also lead to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase production. Sensitivity to food additives, vaso-active amines and salicylates: a review of the evidence: Bioactive food chemicals and gastrointestinal symptoms: a focus of salicylates: Natural salicylates: foods, functions and disease prevention: A systematic review of salicylates in foods: Estimated daily intake of a Scottish population. This supplement includes Tinofend, a patented and clinically researched extract derived from the plant Tinospora cordifolia, which is used for its powerful ability to support immune regulation and immune response. If there are improvements in symptoms after four weeks, some foods may be reintroduced gradually to challenge the intolerance. Based on weight, herbs and spices have the highest concentrations of salicylic acid. Natural salicylates: foods, functions and disease prevention. Gravy made from prepared mixes: i.e. They are derived from salicylic acid. Canned Kadota figs and Bartlett pear is also permitted. 0000001225 00000 n The bloating has gone down, the heaviness is barely there and the stomach pains are a lot better. The only type of salicylate that has clearly been shown to cause negative reactions in those with salicylate intolerance is acetyl salicylate (in aspirin) (2). Success stories from the Food Intolerance Network. My problems are disappearing and I know this is a journey and there is a lot to treat, but Im filled with excitement at the possibility of healing entirely. Histamine intolerance means that you have too much histamine which can lead to various health issues. You will learn about the symptoms of histamine, oxalate, and salicylates intolerance. In their natural forms, they are very important as they help to protect your body from fungus, insects, and other harmful elements. Allergies, Cough/Cold Medications and Alcohol Interactions, Allergy Guide: Prevention and Treatment Options, Back to School Basics: 5 Common Health Questions From Parents, Benadryl Dosage Charts for Infants and Children, Claritin Dosage Charts for Infants and Children. As with other intolerances, such as histamine intolerance, the amount of salicylates consumed probably determines whether symptoms occur. Oatmeal is delicious, highly nutritious, and surprisingly versatile in the kitchen. Available for Android and iOS devices. In this article, we review the list of foods to include and avoid salicylate sensitivity along with a sample 5-day meal plan. Excess oxalates and your bodys inability to handle it can result in poor mineral absorption, inflammation, a compromised immune system, oxidative stress, poor mitochondrial function, cellular and tissue damage, and histamine release. Addressing POTS can be complex. cloves, curry powder, nutmeg, paprika, cayenne, seasoning packets). Before you start eliminating fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-rich foods from your diet, however, talk to your doctor or a dietitian. In people who are sensitive to salicylate, when they eat foods that contain salicylates they may have symptoms of nasal polyps, bronchial asthma, rhinitis, gastrointestinal inflammation, diarrhea or hives. Salicylate Allergy: Symptoms, Triggers, What to Avoid Does Salicylate Intolerance Cause Other Digestive Diseases? Oatmeal is delicious, highly nutritious, and surprisingly versatile in the kitchen. Foods High In Salicylates: Low Salicylate Diet - How to Cure It is not possible to determine whether you have a problem with food chemicals merely by eliminating salicylates. Forcinnamon rollovernight oats, mix oats, milk, vanilla, Greek yogurt, cinnamon, and maple syrup, then store in the fridge. Also useful in GF cooking as a binder instead of guar gum or xanthum gum and in baked goods that rely on gluten (provides elasticity). For people with Coeliac Disease who exclude even small amounts of gluten, oats are not necessarily an issue as the gluten equivalent in oats (avenin) does not always trigger problems unless contaminated with wheat. After avoiding dairy for years, I now have the occasional splurge and dont need to be looking for the nearest toilets. Unfortunately, elimination diets are not really appropriate for children. 0000015272 00000 n Salicylate Sensitivity: Symptoms, Foods & Natural Remedies Moran Oresh, Petah Tikva, Israel At 1/2 cup it is moderate in FODMAPs. window.addEventListener('LPLeadboxesReady',function(){LPLeadboxes.setExitIntent('nAKDd9rhDGMTXcN4DDFdbY',{dontShowFor:'0d',domain:'dietvsdisease.lpages.co'});}); We do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The synthetic form of salicylate is acetyl salicylate (aspirin). Summary: Avoidance of aspirin and other salicylate-containing products may be necessary for those with a salicylate intolerance. Salicylates can cause such a wide range of symptoms. We can help to identify the root cause of your condition and recommend a personalized treatment plan to repair your body and regain your health and well-being. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD or heartburn), Stomach / Heartburn Medications and Alcohol Interactions, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) in Children, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Guide, https://ctajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13601-015-0078-3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696737/, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgh.13702, https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/research/salicylatesinfoods.pdf, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21879102/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21351247/, Homemade cakes and cookies made without high salicylate fruits and jams, Berries: blackberries, boysenberries, raspberries, blueberries, cranberries and strawberries, Aniseed, basil, bay leaf, chilli powder, curry, coriander, nutmeg, vanilla essence and pepper. However, scientists are unsure exactly how the conditions are related. Traditionally eaten for breakfast, oatmeal can also be baked into bread, cookies, or used in energy bars. Salicylate in food - FOOD CAN MAKE YOU ILL Thank you. Salicylates can cause such a variety of symptoms. Cereals that contain almonds or peanuts are high in salicylates and should be avoided. After this eliminating phase, you may try to reintroduce high-salicylate foods into your diet, similar to the reintroduction phase in my The 4-Phase Histamine Reset Plan. However, if you are dealing with leaky gut syndrome and gut microbiome imbalance, it will be difficult. The amount of salicylates in regular aspirin is typically 325 mg. Extra-strength aspirin or arthritis pain relievers can contain 600650 mg. The treatment is done online and it usually takes 2-3 sessions to notice an improvement. If youre looking to decrease your dietary intake of salicylates, you can do so by avoiding eating fruit. Also useful in lowering cholesterol levels thus handy if you have diabetes. His pains are completely gone after one treatment. Your Thyroid and Mast Cells: The Connection, Lectins and Histamine Intolerance: The Answer to Your Symptoms, Mold May Be Driving Your POTS: The Connection Between POTS, Mold, Nervous System Function, Gut Health, and Histamine. After avoiding dairy for years, I now have the occasional splurge and dont need to be looking for the nearest toilets. They can also be found in cosmetic products, aspirin, toothpaste, medications, and food preservatives, usually in synthetic forms. One group of researchers suggested that 27% of patients with these conditions may also have salicylate intolerance (1). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We use cookies & other tools to enhance your experience on our website and to analyze our web traffic. Copyright 2023 Diet vs Disease, a service of Mint Nutrition LLC. trailer <]/Prev 81403>> startxref 0 %%EOF 59 0 obj <>stream The 4-Phase Histamine Reset Plan is a simple yet refined system, so it is critical that you understand and follow each step properly. As you can see, this can cause a never-ending vicious cycle, and it is important that you address all three issues to improve your health, To improve histamine intolerance, I recommend that you eat an anti-inflammatory, nutrient-dense, and low-histamine diet. When people have a headache, they often take medication like aspirin to help ease their symptoms. Hagar Oz, Rehovot, Israel Pietro Dimascio UK Please bear in mind that you are not necessarily allowed to eat low salicylate foods on the elimination diet as some are low in salicylate but also contain either sulphites, amines, glutamates, or histamine/serotonin degranulators, which must also be avoided. Almond meal (also high in FODMAPs) Banana flour. Additionally, 10 grams of fish oil per day is incredibly high and should be done under medical supervision. After taking fish oil for 68 weeks, all three experienced complete or nearly complete improvement of their symptoms. Switching to cosmetics and cleaners without salicylates may also be helpful. Traditionally eaten for breakfast, oatmeal can also be baked into bread, cookies, or used in energy bars. The role of leukotrienes in the pathophysiology of inflammatory disorders: is there a case for revisiting leukotrienes as therapeutic targets? Because of this anti-histamine context, many people think of histamine as a bad thing. You removed refined sugar, gluten, and refined foods. Surprised and happy to find I felt greatly improved the following day- despite my being skeptical about the treatment. These symptoms are sometimes mistaken for allergies. Oats is the 2nd most likely grain to cause issues after wheat, however oat sensitivity is far less common than wheat sensitivity. Symptoms of histamine intolerance include: If you are dealing with histamine intolerance, the most important part of your recovery process is to avoid high-histamine foods. If you think you are reacting to salicylates and would like to get that treated, please click below on the FREE online consultation button, so we can set a time to discuss your possible treatment plan. Staying off salicylates for long periods of time can cause vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Symptoms of excess salicylates may include: Salicylates are found in plant foods, however, not all plant foods are high in salicylates. Meat that is unprocessed and seasoned does not contain salicylates. Avoid adding them to salads, sauces, or other dishes if you have a sensitivity to salicylates. 0000023642 00000 n Digestive complaints such as stomach pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea. Apples, avocado, berries, cherries, grapes, peaches, and plums are all foods rich in salicylates. is oatmeal high in salicylateswhalen shelf connector. If you notice that your symptoms have reduced or disappeared during the elimination phase but are returning during reintroduction, it means that oxalates are a problem for you, and you need to remove high-oxalate foods. Salicylic acid, more commonly known as aspirin, relieves pain and inflammation and lowers fevers. Salicylates Level: MedlinePlus Medical Test Simply tap the blue button below and we can send it: Typical signs and symptoms of salicylate intolerance include (1): As symptoms of salicylate intolerance can appear very similar to an allergy (hives and sinus problems, for example), it is often misdiagnosed.
Ioniq 5 Relaxation Seats,
How To Summon Companion Wow Shadowlands,
Illinois Campaign Sign Regulation Act Of 2012,
El Faro Shrimp In Green Sauce Recipe,
Articles I